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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Geobacter</i></h1>
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<table cellpadding="2" class="float-right taxobox infobox" id="Vorlage_Taxobox" style="width:300px;margin-top:0.5em;" summary="Taxobox">
<tbody><tr>
<th><i>Geobacter</i>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-bild" style="font-size:smaller;">
<p><i>Geobacter sulfurreducens</i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Systematik</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table class="toptextcells" style="width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><i><a href="Dom%C3%A4ne_(Biologie)" title="Domäne (Biologie)">Domäne</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bakterien</a> (Bacteria)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="Abteilung_(Biologie)" title="Abteilung (Biologie)">Abteilung</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Proteobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteobacteria">Proteobacteria</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="Klasse_(Biologie)" title="Klasse (Biologie)">Klasse</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Deltaproteobacteria" title="Deltaproteobacteria">Deltaproteobacteria</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="Ordnung_(Biologie)" title="Ordnung (Biologie)">Ordnung</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Desulfuromonadales" title="Desulfuromonadales">Desulfuromonadales</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="Familie_(Biologie)" title="Familie (Biologie)">Familie</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Geobacteraceae" title="Geobacteraceae">Geobacteraceae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="Gattung_(Biologie)" title="Gattung (Biologie)">Gattung</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><i>Geobacter</i>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Wissenschaftlicher Name</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-name"><i>Geobacter</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="Person">Lovley et al. 1995
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><i><b>Geobacter</b></i> ist eine <a href="Gattung_(Biologie)" title="Gattung (Biologie)">Gattung</a> <a href="Prokaryoten" title="Prokaryoten">prokaryotischer</a> <a href="Mikroorganismus" title="Mikroorganismus">Mikroorganismen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1099/00207713-45-3-619_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1099/00207713-45-3-619-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Geobacter</i> ist <a href="Anaerobie" title="Anaerobie">anaerob</a> und gehört in die <a href="Dom%C3%A4ne_(Biologie)" title="Domäne (Biologie)">Domäne</a> der Lebewesen <a href="Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID8387263_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID8387263-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beschreibung">Beschreibung</h2></div>
<p>Die erste Isolation eines Stamms der späteren Gattung <i>Geobacter</i> erfolgte 1987 durch Derek Lovley aus Sedimenten des <a href="Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1038/330252a0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1038/330252a0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Gattung und ihre <a href="Typusart" class="mw-redirect" title="Typusart">Typusart</a> (<i><a href="Geobacter_metallireducens" title="Geobacter metallireducens">G. metallireducens</a></i>) wurden 1993 beschrieben<sup id="cite_ref-PMID8387263_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID8387263-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und 1995 bestätigt.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1099/00207713-45-3-619_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1099/00207713-45-3-619-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der Namen „Geobacter“ bedeutet in etwa, dass der Organismus stabförmig ist (bacter) und unterirdisch vorkommt (Geo).
</p><p>Der erste Kulturstamm, GS-15, kann <a href="Amorphes_Material" title="Amorphes Material">amorphes</a> <a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Eisenoxid</a> unter <a href="Anaerobie" title="Anaerobie">anaeroben</a> Bedingungen zu extrazellulärem, feinkörnigem <a href="Magnetit" title="Magnetit">Magnetit</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Redoxreaktion" title="Redoxreaktion">reduzieren</a>, wenngleich die Bakterien nicht <a href="Magnetotaxis" title="Magnetotaxis">magnetotaktisch</a> sind.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1038/330252a0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1038/330252a0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Eigenschaft, Metalle reduzieren zu können, führte zum <a href="Epitheton" title="Epitheton">Beiwort</a> „metallireducens“ für die Typusart <i>G. metallireducens</i>.
</p><p>Eine weitere bedeutende <i>Geobacter</i>-Art ist <i><a href="Geobacter_sulfurreducens" title="Geobacter sulfurreducens">G. sulfurreducens</a>.</i> Die Art wurde aus Oberflächen<a href="Sedimente" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimente">sedimenten</a> eines Grabens in <a href="Norman_(Oklahoma)" title="Norman (Oklahoma)">Norman</a> (<a href="Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>) isoliert, der mit <a href="Kohlenwasserstoffe" title="Kohlenwasserstoffe">Kohlenwasserstoffen</a> verunreinigt war und 1994 beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die beiden ersten Arten, <i>G. metallireducens</i> und <i>G. sulfurreducens,</i> wurden als eng verwandt eingestuft<sup id="cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und werden oft miteinander verglichen. Es sind anaerobe, <a href="Dissimilation_(Biologie)" title="Dissimilation (Biologie)">dissimilatorische</a> Eisenreduzierer,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die <a href="Acetate" title="Acetate">Acetat</a> als <a href="Elektronendonator" title="Elektronendonator">Elektronendonator</a> und <a href="Wertigkeit_(Chemie)" title="Wertigkeit (Chemie)">dreiwertiges</a> Eisen [Fe(III)] als <a href="Elektronenakzeptor" title="Elektronenakzeptor">Elektronenakzeptor</a> für ihren <a href="Energiestoffwechsel" title="Energiestoffwechsel">Energiestoffwechsel</a> verwenden können.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statt des dreiwertigen Eisens kann von beiden Arten auch dreiwertiges <a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> [Co(III)] für die Oxidation des Acetats verwendet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Es liegt aber auch eine Reihe von Unterschieden zwischen den beiden Arten vor, wobei hauptsächlich die <a href="Typstamm" title="Typstamm">Typstämme</a> (<i>G. metallireducens</i> GS-15 und <i>G. sulfurreducens</i> PCA) verglichen worden sind:
</p><p><i>G. sulfurreducens</i> kann <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a> als Elektronendonator in Kombination mit Fe(III) als Elektronenakzeptor verwenden, während dies <i>G. metallireducens</i> nicht kann.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zum Zeitpunkt der Beschreibung (1994) war neben <i>G. sulfurreducens</i> kein weiterer Organismus bekannt, der die Fe(III)-Reduktion sowohl an die <a href="Oxidation" title="Oxidation">Oxidation</a> von Wasserstoff als auch an die Oxidation von Acetat koppeln konnte.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein weiterer Unterschied besteht in der Reduktion von <a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">Schwefel</a>, die <i>G. metallireducens</i> nicht und <i>G. sulfurreducens</i> mit Wasserstoff als <a href="Elektronendonator" title="Elektronendonator">Elektronendonor</a> durchführen kann (daher das <a href="Epitheton" title="Epitheton">Beiwort</a> „sulfurreducens“, schwefelreduzierend).<sup id="cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. metallireducens</i> kann vierwertiges <a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> [Mn(IV)] als terminalen Elektronenakzeptor verwenden und <i>G. sulfurreducens</i> kann das nicht.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. metallireducens</i> kann mit <a href="Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrat</a> <a href="Nitratatmung" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitratatmung">atmen</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <i>G. sulfurreducens</i> kann das nicht.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weiterhin kann <i>G. metallireducens</i> verschiedene <a href="Alkohole" title="Alkohole">Alkohole</a> und <a href="Aromaten" title="Aromaten">aromatische</a> Verbindungen oxidieren,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <i>G. sulfurreducens</i> nicht kann.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. metallireducens</i> konnte lediglich in einem <a href="N%C3%A4hrmedium" title="Nährmedium">Medium</a> wachsen, dass <a href="S%C3%BC%C3%9Fwasser" title="Süßwasser">Süßwasser</a> entspricht,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> während <i>G. sulfurreducens</i> Eisenatmung<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in einem Medium betrieb, in dem der <a href="Salzgehalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Salzgehalt">Salzgehalt</a> der Hälfte von <a href="Meerwasser" title="Meerwasser">Meerwasser</a> entsprach.
</p><p>Beide Arten wurden <a href="DNA-Sequenzierung" title="DNA-Sequenzierung">sequenziert</a>, zuerst das <a href="Genom" title="Genom">Genom</a> von <i><a href="Geobacter_sulfurreducens" title="Geobacter sulfurreducens">G. sulfurreducens</a></i> (Beschreibung 2003<sup id="cite_ref-:10_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) und dann das Genom von <i><a href="Geobacter_metallireducens" title="Geobacter metallireducens">G. metallireducens</a></i> (Beschreibung 2009<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); das ringförmige, <a href="Bakterienchromosom" title="Bakterienchromosom">bakterielle Chromosom</a> von <i>G. sulfurreducens</i> umfasste 3.814.128 <a href="Basenpaar" title="Basenpaar">bp</a> (Typstamm PCA<sup id="cite_ref-:10_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), das von <i>G. metallireducens</i> von 3.997.420 bp (Typstamm GS-15<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). <i>G. metallireducens</i> wies zusätzlich ein <a href="Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a> auf (pMET1, 13.762 bp).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein Vergleich von bekannten Sequenzen und Eigenschaften wies darauf hin, dass sich <i>G. metallireducens</i> hinsichtlich seines <a href="Stoffwechsel" title="Stoffwechsel">Stoffwechsels</a>, seiner <a href="Physiologie" title="Physiologie">Physiologie</a> und seiner <a href="Genregulation" title="Genregulation">Genregulation</a> dramatisch von anderen <a href="Geobacteraceae" title="Geobacteraceae">Geobacteraceae</a> unterscheiden könnte.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eigenschaften_der_Gattung">Eigenschaften der Gattung</h3></div>
<p>Wenn man zu Informationen über die beiden bekanntesten Arten (<i>G. metallireducens</i><sup id="cite_ref-PMID8387263_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID8387263-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <i>G. sulfurreducens</i><sup id="cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) einige weitere Art-Beschreibungen hinzuzieht (<i>G. anodireducens,</i><sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. bemidjiensis,</i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. bremensis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. chapellei</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. grbiciae</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. hydrogenophilus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. lovleyi,</i><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. pelophilus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. psychrophilus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. toluenoxydans</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>G. uraniireducens</i><sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), ergibt sich folgendes Bild:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Geobacter</i> ist eine Gattung <a href="Gramnegativ" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramnegativ">gramnegativer</a>, <a href="Chemotrophie" title="Chemotrophie">chemoorganothropher</a> <a href="Anaerobie" title="Anaerobie">Anaerobier</a>, deren <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zellen</a> stäbchenförmig sind und die keine <a href="Sport_(Biologie)" title="Sport (Biologie)">Sporen</a> bilden.</li>
<li>Die Zellen sind häufig unbeweglich, können aber bei einigen Arten auch <a href="Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Geißeln</a> ausbilden und dann beweglich sein. Die Größe der Zellen liegt häufig im Bereich von 1 bis 3 Mikrometer (<a href="Meter" title="Meter">µm</a>) Länge und 0,5 bis 0,6 µm Durchmesser. Es gibt kürzere (0,8 µm), längere (4 µm), dünnere (0,3 µm) und dickere (0,8 µm) Zellen in dieser Gattung. Es sind häufig gerade Stäbchen, bei einigen Art leicht gekrümmte bis gekrümmte Stäbchen.</li>
<li>Besonderheiten in der Zell-<a href="Morphologie_(Biologie)" title="Morphologie (Biologie)">Morphologie</a> treten insofern auf, als dass manchmal neben Geißeln auch <a href="Pilus" title="Pilus">Pili</a> ausgebildet werden und dass <a href="Vesikel_(Biologie)" title="Vesikel (Biologie)">Vesikel</a> vorhanden sein können. Einige Arten tendieren zur Klumpenbildung der Zellen.</li>
<li>Die optimalen Wachstumstemperaturen befinden sich meist im Bereich von 30 bis 35 <a href="Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a>, können aber auch niedriger liegen (bis zu 17 °C). Die bevorzugten <a href="PH-Wert" title="PH-Wert">pH-Werte</a> sind meist leicht sauer bis neutral. Der für ein Wachstum günstige <a href="Salinit%C3%A4t" title="Salinität">Salzgehalt</a> im Medium entspricht häufig dem von <a href="S%C3%BC%C3%9Fwasser" title="Süßwasser">Süßwasser</a>; <a href="Stoffwechsel" title="Stoffwechsel">Stoffwechsel</a> kann aber auch bei einer höheren Konzentration möglich sein (die der Hälfte von <a href="Meerwasser" title="Meerwasser">Meerwasser</a> entspricht).</li>
<li><i>Geobacter</i> sind bezüglich ihres <a href="Stoffwechsel" title="Stoffwechsel">Stoffwechsels</a> <a href="Anaerobie" title="Anaerobie">Anaerobier</a>; der Kontakt mit Sauerstoff wird manchmal vertragen (Aerotoleranz bei <i>G. anodireducens</i><sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li>
<li><i>Geobacter</i> sind <a href="Dissimilation_(Biologie)" title="Dissimilation (Biologie)">dissimilatorische</a> Eisenreduzierer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sie können die <a href="Oxidation" title="Oxidation">Oxidation</a> von <a href="Acetate" title="Acetate">Acetat</a> als <a href="Elektronendonator" title="Elektronendonator">Elektronendonator</a> an die <a href="Reduktion_(Chemie)" title="Reduktion (Chemie)">Reduktion</a> von <a href="Wertigkeit_(Chemie)" title="Wertigkeit (Chemie)">dreiwertigem</a> <a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Eisen</a> [Fe(III)] als <a href="Elektronenakzeptor" title="Elektronenakzeptor">Elektronenakzeptor</a> koppeln. Darüber hinaus sind je nach <i>Geobacter</i>-Art, bzw. je nach verwendetem Stamm, viele weitere Elektronendonatoren (z. B. <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a>, verschiedene <a href="Organische_S%C3%A4uren" title="Organische Säuren">organische Säuren</a>) und Elektronenakzeptoren möglich (z. B. vierwertiges <a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> [Mn(IV)], Anthrachinon-2,6-disulfonat, <a href="Fumars%C3%A4ure" title="Fumarsäure">Fumarat</a>, <a href="Malate" title="Malate">Malat</a>, <a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">Schwefel</a>).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Besonderheiten_beim_Elektronentransfer">Besonderheiten beim Elektronentransfer</h3></div>
<p><i>Geobacter</i>-<a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zellen</a> können in vielen Fällen <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektronen</a> extrazellulär (also nach außerhalb der <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zelle</a>) übertragen; das wurde bereits beim ersten isolierten Stamm<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1038/330252a0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1038/330252a0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dieser Gattung festgestellt, da dieser <a href="Amorphes_Material" title="Amorphes Material">amorphes</a> <a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Eisenoxid</a> unter <a href="Anaerobie" title="Anaerobie">anaeroben</a> Bedingungen zu extrazellulärem, feinkörnigem <a href="Magnetit" title="Magnetit">Magnetit</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Redoxreaktion" title="Redoxreaktion">reduzieren</a> konnte. Der Sinn vom Elektronentransfer von oder nach außen ist die Nutzung von <a href="Redoxreaktion" title="Redoxreaktion">Redoxreaktionen</a> für den <a href="Energiestoffwechsel" title="Energiestoffwechsel">Energiegewinn</a> von Zellen. Bei <a href="Amorphes_Material" title="Amorphes Material">amorphen</a> Eisenoxid beispielsweise, ist die Aufnahme dieses unlöslichen terminalen <a href="Elektronenakzeptor" title="Elektronenakzeptor">Elektronenakzeptors</a> in die Zelle nicht möglich, also werden die Elektronen nach außen abgegeben.
</p><p><i>Geobacter</i>-Arten nutzen einen direkten <a href="Elektronentransfer" title="Elektronentransfer">Elektronentransfer</a> zwischen Arten (DIET<sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) als eine Variante der <a href="Syntrophie" title="Syntrophie">Syntrophie</a>, die zuerst für <i><a href="Geobacter_metallireducens" title="Geobacter metallireducens">G. metallireducens</a></i> und <i><a href="Geobacter_sulfurreducens" title="Geobacter sulfurreducens">G. sulfurreducens</a></i> beschrieben wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID211272572_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID211272572-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei DIET wird durch biologische Strukturen ein Weg für den extrazellulären Elektronenaustausch von Zelle zu Zelle hergestellt wird und für <i>G. metallireducens</i> sind mehrere DIET-Beziehungen bekannt: zu einer anderen <i>Geobacter</i>-Art (zu <i><a href="Geobacter_sulfurreducens" title="Geobacter sulfurreducens">G. sulfurreducens</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID211272572_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID211272572-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) und zu zwei <a href="Archaeen" title="Archaeen">Archaeen</a> (zu <i><a href="Methanosarcina_barkeri" title="Methanosarcina barkeri">Methanosarcina barkeri</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID24837373_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID24837373-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und zu <i>Methanosaeta harundinacea</i><sup id="cite_ref-:52_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).
</p><p>Eine allgemein bei <a href="Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bakterien</a> und Archaeen verbreitete Alternative zum DIET ist der Wasserstoff-Transfer zwischen Arten: ein Partner oxidiert organisches Material und reduziert mit den resultierenden Elektronen <a href="Proton_(Chemie)" title="Proton (Chemie)">Protonen</a> zu <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a> und der andere Partner verwendet den Wasserstoff als Elektronendonator und reduziert mit den Elektronen einen terminalen Elektronenakzeptor (z. B. beim Bakterium <i>Pelobacter carbinolicus</i> und dem Archäon <i>Methanosarcina barkeri<sup id="cite_ref-PMID30631315_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID30631315-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </i>). Man darf annehmen, dass gerade bei <i>Geobacter</i>-Arten und bei deren Verwandten (<a href="Geobacteraceae" title="Geobacteraceae">Geobacteraceae</a>) Kombinationen aus direkten und indirekten Varianten des Elektronentransfers vorkommen. Es gibt Untersuchungen zum Elektronentransfer zwischen den Arten durch die Unterstützung mit elektrisch (teilweise) leitfähigem Material, wie Magnetit,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kato_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kato-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> granulärer Aktivkohle,<sup id="cite_ref-kato_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kato-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID24837373_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID24837373-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biokohle<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und Kohlefasergewebe.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i>Geobacter</i>-Arten können <a href="Pilus" title="Pilus">Pili</a> ausbilden, die als <a href="Mikrobielle_Nanodr%C3%A4hte" title="Mikrobielle Nanodrähte">mikrobielle Nanodrähte</a> (englisch <span lang="en"><i>nanowires</i></span>) wirken<sup id="cite_ref-Reguera2005_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reguera2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und dann „E-Pili“ genannt werden (z. B.<sup id="cite_ref-Ueki2018_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ueki2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass beim DIET zwischen <i><a href="Geobacter_metallireducens" title="Geobacter metallireducens">G. metallireducens</a></i> und <i><a href="Geobacter_sulfurreducens" title="Geobacter sulfurreducens">G. sulfurreducens</a></i> bei beiden Partnern E-Pili vorkommen können, aber nur auf der Seite des Elektronendonator-Partners (<i><a href="Geobacter_metallireducens" title="Geobacter metallireducens">G. metallireducens</a></i>) notwendig sind, während der Elektronenakzeptor-Partner (<i><a href="Geobacter_sulfurreducens" title="Geobacter sulfurreducens">G. sulfurreducens</a></i>) diese nicht zwingend ausbilden muss.<sup id="cite_ref-Ueki2018_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ueki2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Nanodrähte bestehen aus <a href="Cytochrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrom">Cytochrom</a> OmcS und (dem noch 1000 mal leitfähigeren) OmcZ.<sup id="cite_ref-Malvankar2023_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malvankar2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gu2023_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gu2023-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematik">Systematik</h2></div>
<p><i>Geobacter</i> ist 1993 durch Lovley <i>et al.</i> als Gattung zusammen mit der <a href="Typusart" class="mw-redirect" title="Typusart">Typusart</a> <i><a href="Geobacter_metallireducens" title="Geobacter metallireducens">Geobacter metallireducens</a></i> beschrieben<sup id="cite_ref-PMID8387263_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID8387263-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und 1995 durch die Internationale Vereinigung der Mikrobiologischen Gesellschaften (<a href="International_Union_of_Microbiological_Societies" title="International Union of Microbiological Societies">IUMS</a>) anerkannt worden.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1099/00207713-45-3-619_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1099/00207713-45-3-619-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die <a href="16S_rRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="16S rRNA">16S-rRNA</a>-<a href="Nukleotidsequenz" title="Nukleotidsequenz">Sequenz</a> wies <i>Geobacter</i> als Mitglied der <a href="Deltaproteobacteria" title="Deltaproteobacteria">Deltaproteobacteria</a> aus.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID8387263_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID8387263-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i>Geobacter</i> ist die <a href="Typusgattung" class="mw-redirect" title="Typusgattung">Typusgattung</a> der Familie Geobacteriacea, die 2004 von Holmes <i>et al.</i> beschrieben und anerkannt wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID15388715_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID15388715-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine spätere, erneute Beschreibung dieser Familie verweist ebenfalls auf <i>Geobacter</i> als Typusgattung (Beschreibung 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Family_2_Geobacteraceae,_10.1007/978-0-387-29298-4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_2_Geobacteraceae,_10.1007/978-0-387-29298-4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und Anerkennung 2006<sup id="cite_ref-Liste_107,_doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64289-0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liste_107,_doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64289-0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).
</p><p>Die aktuelle Einordnung und <a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Nomenklatur</a> ist in der <a href="List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">LPSN</a> ersichtlich. Aktuell umfasst <i>Geobacter</i> 19 Arten (Abruf 2019-05<sup id="cite_ref-classiphyla_LPSN_Abruf_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classiphyla_LPSN_Abruf-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gattungen_und_Arten_LPSN_Abruf_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gattungen_und_Arten_LPSN_Abruf-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="Geobacteraceae" title="Geobacteraceae">Geobacteraceae</a></i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261921330">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .Person{font-variant:small-caps}
/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><span class="Person h-card">Holmes et al. 2004</span>; übergeordnete Familie
<ul><li><b><i>Geobacter</i> <span class="Person h-card">Lovley et al. 1995</span></b>
<ul><li><i>Geobacter anodireducens</i> <span class="Person h-card">Sun et al. 2014</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter argillaceus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Shelobolina et al. 2007</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter bemidjiensis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Nevin et al. 2005</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter bremensis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Straub and Buchholz-Cleven 2001</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter chapellei</i> <span class="Person h-card">Coates et al. 2001</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter daltonii</i> <span class="Person h-card">Prakash et al. 2010</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter grbiciae</i> <span class="Person h-card">Coates et al. 2001</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter hydrogenophilus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Coates et al. 2001</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter lovleyi</i> <span class="Person h-card">Sung et al. 2009</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter luticola</i> <span class="Person h-card">Viulu et al. 2013</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Geobacter_metallireducens" title="Geobacter metallireducens">Geobacter metallireducens</a></i> <span class="Person h-card">Lovley et al. 1995</span>; Typusart</li>
<li><i>Geobacter pelophilus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Straub and Buchholz-Cleven 2001</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter pickeringii</i> <span class="Person h-card">Shelobolina et al. 2007</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter psychrophilus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Nevin et al. 2005</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter soli</i> <span class="Person h-card">Zhou et al. 2014</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Geobacter_sulfurreducens" title="Geobacter sulfurreducens">Geobacter sulfurreducens</a></i> <span class="Person h-card">Caccavo et al. 1995</span>
<ul><li><i>Geobacter sulfurreducens subsp. ethanolicus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Viulu et al. 2014</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter sulfurreducens subsp. sulfurreducens</i> <span class="Person h-card">Viulu et al. 2014</span></li></ul></li>
<li><i>Geobacter thiogenes</i> <span class="Person h-card">(De Wever et al. 2001) Nevin et al. 2007</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter toluenoxydans</i> <span class="Person h-card">Kunapuli et al. 2010</span></li>
<li><i>Geobacter uraniireducens</i> <span class="Person h-card">Shelobolina et al. 2008</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bedeutung">Bedeutung</h2></div>
<p>Durch ihren <a href="Anaerobie" title="Anaerobie">anaeroben</a>, <a href="Chemotrophie" title="Chemotrophie">chemoorganotrophen</a> Stoffwechsel haben <i>Geobacter</i>-Arten Bedeutung in unterirdischen Ökosystemen. Eine Untersuchung von landwirtschaftlich genutztem Boden lieferte beispielsweise Hinweise darauf, dass <i>Geobacter</i>-Arten in <a href="Sojabohne" title="Sojabohne">Soja</a>-Feldern in den argentinischen <a href="Pampa" title="Pampa">Pampas</a> einen großen Einfluss bei der <a href="Diazotrophie" title="Diazotrophie">mikrobiellen Stickstofffixierung</a> haben.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Da <i>Geobacter</i>-Arten häufig Exoelektrogene<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sind und einen anaeroben, chemoorganotrophen Stoffwechsel haben, bieten sich Anwendungen an, die auf die <a href="Oxidation" title="Oxidation">Oxidation</a> <a href="Gift" title="Gift">giftiger</a>, <a href="Organische_Verbindungen" class="mw-redirect" title="Organische Verbindungen">organischer Verbindungen</a>, auf die <a href="Reduktion_(Chemie)" title="Reduktion (Chemie)">Reduktion</a> von <a href="Schwermetalle" title="Schwermetalle">Schwermetallen</a> oder auf die <a href="Energiequelle" title="Energiequelle">Gewinnung von Energie</a> fokussiert sind. Die meisten Anstrengungen zu diesen Themengebieten lassen sich für die beiden <i>Geobacter</i>-Arten <i><a href="Geobacter_metallireducens" title="Geobacter metallireducens">G. metallireducens</a></i> und <i><a href="Geobacter_sulfurreducens" title="Geobacter sulfurreducens">G. sulfurreducens</a></i> finden.
</p><p>Es gibt Untersuchungen zu der Frage, welche Arten von Mikroben eine gestellte Aufgabe bevorzugt übernehmen und die <i>Geobacter</i>-Arten bei der Elektrizitätsgewinnung aus Haushaltsabwasser favorisieren (z. B.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Bei technischen Anwendungen sind die Eigenschaften der Mikroben manchmal gleichzeitig nützlich wie hinderlich: bei <i>G. lovleyi</i> beispielsweise, ermöglicht sein anaerober Stoffwechsel zwar die <a href="Energiequelle" title="Energiequelle">Energiegewinnung</a> mit <a href="Mikrobielle_Brennstoffzelle" title="Mikrobielle Brennstoffzelle">Brennstoffzellen</a>, die in künstlichen Feuchtgebieten wirksam sind, auf der anderen Seite kann seine geringe Toleranz gegenüber <a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">Sauerstoff</a> jedoch sein Wachstum begrenzen.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Möglicherweise lassen sich verschiedene Aufgaben auch miteinander verbinden, z. B. <a href="Schadstoff" title="Schadstoff">Schadstoffabbau</a> und <a href="Energiequelle" title="Energiequelle">Energiegewinnung</a>: bei einer Untersuchung zur Nutzung von <a href="Mikrobielle_Brennstoffzelle" title="Mikrobielle Brennstoffzelle">mikrobiellen Brennstoffzellen</a> für den Abbau von <a href="Oxytetracyclin" title="Oxytetracyclin">Oxytetracyclin</a>, in denen beide <a href="Elektrode" title="Elektrode">Elektroden</a> (<a href="Anode" title="Anode">Anode</a> und <a href="Kathode" title="Kathode">Kathode</a>) eine <a href="Biokompatibilit%C3%A4t" title="Biokompatibilität">biokompatible</a> Oberfläche aufwiesen, blieben <i>Geobacter</i>-typische Zellen nach Ausreifung des <a href="Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilms</a> an der Anode erhalten.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Durch ihre Fähigkeit, Metalle zu reduzieren, sind <i>Geobacter</i>-Arten für die Umwandlung von <a href="Gift" title="Gift">giftigen</a> und <a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität">radioaktiven</a> <a href="Schwermetalle" title="Schwermetalle">Schwermetallen</a>, beispielsweise von <a href="Uran" title="Uran">Uran</a>, interessant geworden.<sup id="cite_ref-Reguera2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reguera2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Geobacter</i> reduzieren lösliche, <a href="Wertigkeit_(Chemie)" title="Wertigkeit (Chemie)">sechswertige</a> Uranyl-<a href="Kation" title="Kation">Kationen</a> [U(VI)], so dass unlösliche Partikel mit vierwertigen Uran [U(IV)] entstehen.<sup id="cite_ref-Cologgi2011_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologgi2011-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Pili wirken nicht nur als Reduktase,<sup id="cite_ref-Reguera2012_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reguera2012-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sondern halten die Bakterienzelle auch auf Abstand zum Uran, das nicht aufgenommen<sup id="cite_ref-Cologgi2011_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologgi2011-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> werden muss.
</p><p><i>Geobacter</i> können zu <a href="Methanbildner" title="Methanbildner">methanbildenden</a> <a href="Archaeen" title="Archaeen">Archaeen</a> syntrophische Beziehungen eingehen, indem sie über elektrisch leitfähige Pili (E-Pili, <a href="Mikrobielle_Nanodr%C3%A4hte" title="Mikrobielle Nanodrähte">mikrobielle Nanodrähte</a>) Elektronen für die <a href="Methanogenese" title="Methanogenese">Methanogenese</a> liefern.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID24837373_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID24837373-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daher wurde häufig untersucht, wie sich die Zugabe von leitfähigem Material auf die Methanogenese auswirkt (z. B.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In einer Überblicksarbeit wird darauf eingegangen, dass nicht alle beobachtbaren Effekte automatisch auf einen direkten Elektronentransfer zwischen Arten (DIET<sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) zurückgehen müssen, zumal DIET nur für zwei Paare (Ko-Kulturen: <i><a href="Geobacter_metallireducens" title="Geobacter metallireducens">G. metallireducens</a></i>—<i><a href="Methanosarcina_barkeri" title="Methanosarcina barkeri">Methanosarcina barkeri</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-PMID24837373_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID24837373-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <i>G. metallireducens</i>—<i>Methanosaeta harundinacea</i><sup id="cite_ref-:52_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) sauber nachgewiesen wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Datenbanken">Datenbanken</h2></div>
<ul><li><b><a href="List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">LPSN</a></b>, Stichwort „Geobacter“ – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bacterio.net/genus/geobacter">https://www.bacterio.net/genus/geobacter</a></li>
<li><b><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></b>, Taxonomy browser, Stichwort „Geobacter“ – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=28231">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=28231</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmerkungen">Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="A">
<li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Extrazelluläre Umwandlung von amorphem Eisenoxid zu Magnetit durch Mikroben: Das <a href="Amorphes_Material" title="Amorphes Material">amorphe</a> <a href="Eisen(III)-oxid" title="Eisen(III)-oxid">Eisenoxid</a> ist eine unlöslische, chemische Verbindung, die einen geringen Grad der <a href="Kristallisation" title="Kristallisation">Kristallisation</a> aufweist und sich extrazellulär, also außerhalb der <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zellen</a> von <a href="Mikroorganismus" title="Mikroorganismus">Mikroorganismen</a> befindet. Bei der Reduktion von Fe(III) zu Fe(II), also bei der Übertragung von <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektronen</a> auf <a href="Wertigkeit_(Chemie)" title="Wertigkeit (Chemie)">dreiwertiges</a> <a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Eisen</a>, entsteht <a href="Magnetit" title="Magnetit">Magnetit</a>, ein Eisenoxid aus zwei- und dreiwertigem Eisen mit einer kristallinen Struktur.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisenreduzierer: <a href="Mikroorganismus" title="Mikroorganismus">Mikroorganismus</a>, der <a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Eisen</a> <a href="Reduktion_(Chemie)" title="Reduktion (Chemie)">reduziert</a>, im Allgemeinen <a href="Wertigkeit_(Chemie)" title="Wertigkeit (Chemie)">dreiwertiges</a> <a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Eisen</a> [Fe(III)] zu zweiwertigem Eisen [Fe(II)]. Die <a href="Dissimilation_(Biologie)" title="Dissimilation (Biologie)">dissimilatorische</a> Eisenreduktion wird auch Eisenatmung genannt. Siehe auch <a href="Eisen#Externer_Elektronendonor_und_-akzeptor" title="Eisen">Eisen#Externer Elektronendonor und -akzeptor</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:12-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:12_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:12_17-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">DIET, <i>direct interspecies electron transfer</i>. Unmittelbare Elektronenübertragung zwischen Arten. Verwendung der Abkürzung, bzw. des Begriffs: Wang <i>et al.</i> 2016, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26973614?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26973614</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Exoelektrogen: Ein „Exoelektrogener“ ist ein <a href="Mikroorganismus" title="Mikroorganismus">Mikroorganismus</a>, der zum Elektronentransfer nach außerhalb der <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zelle</a> oder von außerhalb der Zelle in der Lage ist. Siehe auch <a href="Mikrobielle_Brennstoffzelle#Aufbau" title="Mikrobielle Brennstoffzelle">Mikrobielle Brennstoffzelle#Aufbau</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoelectrogen" class="extiw external" title="en:Exoelectrogen">en:Exoelectrogen</a>.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1099/00207713-45-3-619-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1099/00207713-45-3-619_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1099/00207713-45-3-619_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1099/00207713-45-3-619_1-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="International_Union_of_Microbiological_Societies" title="International Union of Microbiological Societies">IUMS</a>: <i>Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively Published Outside the IJSB: List No. 54.</i> In: <i>International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology.</i> 45, 1995, S. 619, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-45-3-619" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1099/00207713-45-3-619">doi:10.1099/00207713-45-3-619</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID8387263-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID8387263_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID8387263_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID8387263_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID8387263_2-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID8387263_2-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">D. R. Lovley, S. J. Giovannoni, D. C. White, J. E. Champine, E. J. Phillips, Y. A. Gorby, S. Goodwin: <i>Geobacter metallireducens gen. nov. sp. nov., a microorganism capable of coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of iron and other metals.</i> In: <i>Archives of microbiology.</i> Band 159, Nummer 4, 1993, S. 336–344, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8387263?dopt=Abstract">PMID 8387263</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1038/330252a0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1038/330252a0_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1038/330252a0_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1038/330252a0_3-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek R. Lovley, John F. Stolz, Gordon L. Nord, Elizabeth J. P. Phillips: <i>Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism.</i> In: <i>Nature.</i> 330, 1987, S. 252, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/330252a0" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/330252a0">doi:10.1038/330252a0</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID7527204-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-9">j</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID7527204_5-10">k</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Caccavo, D. J. Lonergan, D. R. Lovley, M. Davis, J. F. Stolz, M. J. McInerney: <i>Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen- and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganism.</i> In: <i>Applied and environmental microbiology.</i> Band 60, Nummer 10, Oktober 1994, S. 3752–3759, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7527204?dopt=Abstract">PMID 7527204</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC201883/">PMC 201883</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">D. R. Lovley, E. J. Phillips: <cite style="font-style:italic">Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism: organic carbon oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron or manganese</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Applied and Environmental Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>54</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, Juni 1988, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220099-2240%22&key=cql">0099-2240</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1472–1480</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16347658?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16347658</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC202682/">PMC 202682</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Novel+mode+of+microbial+energy+metabolism%3A+organic+carbon+oxidation+coupled+to+dissimilatory+reduction+of+iron+or+manganese&rft.au=D.+R.+Lovley%2C+E.+J.+Phillips&rft.date=1988-06&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0099-2240&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.pages=1472-1480&rft.pmc=202682&rft.pmid=16347658&rft.volume=54" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:10-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:10_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:10_8-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">B. A. Methé, K. E. Nelson, J. A. Eisen, I. T. Paulsen, W. Nelson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Genome of Geobacter sulfurreducens: metal reduction in subsurface environments</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>302</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5652</span>, 12. Dezember 2003, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221095-9203%22&key=cql">1095-9203</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1967–1969</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1088727">10.1126/science.1088727</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14671304?dopt=Abstract">PMID 14671304</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Genome+of+Geobacter+sulfurreducens%3A+metal+reduction+in+subsurface+environments&rft.au=B.+A.+Meth%C3%A9%2C+K.+E.+Nelson%2C+J.+A.+Eisen%2C+...&rft.date=2003-12-12&rft.doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1088727&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1095-9203&rft.issue=5652&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1967-1969&rft.pmid=14671304&rft.volume=302" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Muktak Aklujkar, Julia Krushkal, Genevieve DiBartolo, Alla Lapidus, Miriam L. Land: <cite style="font-style:italic">The genome sequence of Geobacter metallireducens: features of metabolism, physiology and regulation common and dissimilar to Geobacter sulfurreducens</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">BMC microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, 27. Mai 2009, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221471-2180%22&key=cql">1471-2180</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>109</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-109">10.1186/1471-2180-9-109</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19473543?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19473543</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700814/">PMC 2700814</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Geobacter+metallireducens%3A+features+of+metabolism%2C+physiology+and+regulation+common+and+dissimilar+to+Geobacter+sulfurreducens&rft.au=Muktak+Aklujkar%2C+Julia+Krushkal%2C+Genevieve+DiBartolo%2C+...&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft.doi=10.1186%2F1471-2180-9-109&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1471-2180&rft.jtitle=BMC+microbiology&rft.pages=109&rft.pmc=2700814&rft.pmid=19473543&rft.volume=9" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Sun, Aijie Wang, Shaoan Cheng, Matthew Yates, Bruce E. Logan: <cite style="font-style:italic">Geobacter anodireducens sp. nov., an exoelectrogenic microbe in bioelectrochemical systems</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>64</span>, Pt 10, Oktober 2014, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221466-5034%22&key=cql">1466-5034</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3485–3491</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.061598-0">10.1099/ijs.0.061598-0</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25052395?dopt=Abstract">PMID 25052395</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Geobacter+anodireducens+sp.+nov.%2C+an+exoelectrogenic+microbe+in+bioelectrochemical+systems&rft.au=Dan+Sun%2C+Aijie+Wang%2C+Shaoan+Cheng%2C+...&rft.date=2014-10&rft.doi=10.1099%2Fijs.0.061598-0&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1466-5034&rft.issue=Pt+10&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.pages=3485-3491&rft.pmid=25052395&rft.volume=64" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly P. Nevin, Dawn E. Holmes, Trevor L. Woodard, Erich S. Hinlein, David W. Ostendorf: <cite style="font-style:italic">Geobacter bemidjiensis sp. nov. and Geobacter psychrophilus sp. nov., two novel Fe(III)-reducing subsurface isolates</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>55</span>, Pt 4, Juli 2005, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221466-5026%22&key=cql">1466-5026</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1667–1674</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63417-0">10.1099/ijs.0.63417-0</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16014499?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16014499</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Geobacter+bemidjiensis+sp.+nov.+and+Geobacter+psychrophilus+sp.+nov.%2C+two+novel+Fe%28III%29-reducing+subsurface+isolates&rft.au=Kelly+P.+Nevin%2C+Dawn+E.+Holmes%2C+Trevor+L.+Woodard%2C+...&rft.date=2005-07&rft.doi=10.1099%2Fijs.0.63417-0&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1466-5026&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.pages=1667-1674&rft.pmid=16014499&rft.volume=55" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">K. L. Straub, B. E. Buchholz-Cleven: <cite style="font-style:italic">Geobacter bremensis sp. nov. and Geobacter pelophilus sp. nov., two dissimilatory ferric-iron-reducing bacteria</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>51</span>, Pt 5, September 2001, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221466-5026%22&key=cql">1466-5026</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-5-1805">10.1099/00207713-51-5-1805</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11594612?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11594612</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Geobacter+bremensis+sp.+nov.+and+Geobacter+pelophilus+sp.+nov.%2C+two+dissimilatory+ferric-iron-reducing+bacteria&rft.au=K.+L.+Straub%2C+B.+E.+Buchholz-Cleven&rft.date=2001-09&rft.doi=10.1099%2F00207713-51-5-1805&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1466-5026&rft.issue=Pt+5&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.pmid=11594612&rft.volume=51" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">J. D. Coates, V. K. Bhupathiraju, L. A. Achenbach, M. J. Mclnerney, D. R. Lovley: <cite style="font-style:italic">Geobacter hydrogenophilus, Geobacter chapellei and Geobacter grbiciae, three new, strictly anaerobic, dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducers</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>51</span>, Pt 2, März 2001, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221466-5026%22&key=cql">1466-5026</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>581–588</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-2-581">10.1099/00207713-51-2-581</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11321104?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11321104</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Geobacter+hydrogenophilus%2C+Geobacter+chapellei+and+Geobacter+grbiciae%2C+three+new%2C+strictly+anaerobic%2C+dissimilatory+Fe%28III%29-reducers&rft.au=J.+D.+Coates%2C+V.+K.+Bhupathiraju%2C+L.+A.+Achenbach%2C+...&rft.date=2001-03&rft.doi=10.1099%2F00207713-51-2-581&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1466-5026&rft.issue=Pt+2&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.pages=581-588&rft.pmid=11321104&rft.volume=51" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Youlboong Sung, Kelly E. Fletcher, Kirsti M. Ritalahti, Robert P. Apkarian, Natalia Ramos-Hernández: <cite style="font-style:italic">Geobacter lovleyi sp. nov. strain SZ, a novel metal-reducing and tetrachloroethene-dechlorinating bacterium</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Applied and Environmental Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>72</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, April 2006, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220099-2240%22&key=cql">0099-2240</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2775–2782</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.4.2775-2782.2006">10.1128/AEM.72.4.2775-2782.2006</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16597982?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16597982</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448980/">PMC 1448980</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Geobacter+lovleyi+sp.+nov.+strain+SZ%2C+a+novel+metal-reducing+and+tetrachloroethene-dechlorinating+bacterium&rft.au=Youlboong+Sung%2C+Kelly+E.+Fletcher%2C+Kirsti+M.+Ritalahti%2C+...&rft.date=2006-04&rft.doi=10.1128%2FAEM.72.4.2775-2782.2006&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0099-2240&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.pages=2775-2782&rft.pmc=1448980&rft.pmid=16597982&rft.volume=72" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:8-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Umakanth Kunapuli, Michael K. Jahn, Tillmann Lueders, Roland Geyer, Hermann J. Heipieper: <cite style="font-style:italic">Desulfitobacterium aromaticivorans sp. nov. and Geobacter toluenoxydans sp. nov., iron-reducing bacteria capable of anaerobic degradation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>60</span>, Pt 3, März 2010, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221466-5026%22&key=cql">1466-5026</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>686–695</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.003525-0">10.1099/ijs.0.003525-0</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19656942?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19656942</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Desulfitobacterium+aromaticivorans+sp.+nov.+and+Geobacter+toluenoxydans+sp.+nov.%2C+iron-reducing+bacteria+capable+of+anaerobic+degradation+of+monoaromatic+hydrocarbons&rft.au=Umakanth+Kunapuli%2C+Michael+K.+Jahn%2C+Tillmann+Lueders%2C+...&rft.date=2010-03&rft.doi=10.1099%2Fijs.0.003525-0&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1466-5026&rft.issue=Pt+3&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.pages=686-695&rft.pmid=19656942&rft.volume=60" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:7-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evgenya S. Shelobolina, Helen A. Vrionis, Robert H. Findlay, Derek R. Lovley: <cite style="font-style:italic">Geobacter uraniireducens sp. nov., isolated from subsurface sediment undergoing uranium bioremediation</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>58</span>, Pt 5, Mai 2008, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221466-5026%22&key=cql">1466-5026</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1075–1078</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65377-0">10.1099/ijs.0.65377-0</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18450691?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18450691</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Geobacter+uraniireducens+sp.+nov.%2C+isolated+from+subsurface+sediment+undergoing+uranium+bioremediation&rft.au=Evgenya+S.+Shelobolina%2C+Helen+A.+Vrionis%2C+Robert+H.+Findlay%2C+...&rft.date=2008-05&rft.doi=10.1099%2Fijs.0.65377-0&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1466-5026&rft.issue=Pt+5&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.pages=1075-1078&rft.pmid=18450691&rft.volume=58" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID211272572-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID211272572_18-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID211272572_18-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Z. M. Summers, H. E. Fogarty, C. Leang, A. E. Franks, N. S. Malvankar, D. R. Lovley: <i>Direct exchange of electrons within aggregates of an evolved syntrophic coculture of anaerobic bacteria.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a>.</i> Band 330, Nummer 6009, Dezember 2010, S. 1413–1415, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1196526" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1126/science.1196526">doi:10.1126/science.1196526</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21127257?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21127257</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pravin Malla Shrestha, Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Muktak Aklujkar, Fanghua Liu, Minita Shrestha: <cite style="font-style:italic">Syntrophic growth with direct interspecies electron transfer as the primary mechanism for energy exchange</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Environmental Microbiology Reports</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, Dezember 2013, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221758-2229%22&key=cql">1758-2229</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>904–910</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.12093">10.1111/1758-2229.12093</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24249299?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24249299</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Syntrophic+growth+with+direct+interspecies+electron+transfer+as+the+primary+mechanism+for+energy+exchange&rft.au=Pravin+Malla+Shrestha%2C+Amelia-Elena+Rotaru%2C+Muktak+Aklujkar%2C+...&rft.date=2013-12&rft.doi=10.1111%2F1758-2229.12093&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1758-2229&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology+Reports&rft.pages=904-910&rft.pmid=24249299&rft.volume=5" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID24837373-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID24837373_20-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID24837373_20-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID24837373_20-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID24837373_20-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">A. E. Rotaru, P. M. Shrestha, F. Liu, B. Markovaite, S. Chen, K. P. Nevin, D. R. Lovley: <i>Direct interspecies electron transfer between Geobacter metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri.</i> In: <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology.</i> Band 80, Nummer 15, August 2014, S. 4599–4605, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00895-14" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1128/AEM.00895-14">doi:10.1128/AEM.00895-14</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24837373?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24837373</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4148795/">PMC 4148795</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:52-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:52_21-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:52_21-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:52_21-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Pravin Malla Shrestha, Fanghua Liu, Minita Shrestha, Devesh Shrestha: <cite style="font-style:italic">A new model for electron flow during anaerobic digestion: direct interspecies electron transfer to Methanosaeta for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Energy Environ. Sci.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 2014, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221754-5692%22&key=cql">1754-5692</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>408–415</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE42189A">10.1039/C3EE42189A</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/EE/C3EE42189A">rsc.org</a> [abgerufen am 7. Mai 2019]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=A+new+model+for+electron+flow+during+anaerobic+digestion%3A+direct+interspecies+electron+transfer+to+Methanosaeta+for+the+reduction+of+carbon+dioxide+to+methane&rft.au=Amelia-Elena+Rotaru%2C+Pravin+Malla+Shrestha%2C+Fanghua+Liu%2C+...&rft.date=2014&rft.doi=10.1039%2FC3EE42189A&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1754-5692&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Energy+Environ.+Sci.&rft.pages=408-415&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID30631315-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID30631315_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. E. Holmes, A. E. Rotaru, T. Ueki, P. M. Shrestha, J. G. Ferry, D. R. Lovley: <i>Electron and Proton Flux for Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Methanosarcina barkeri During Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer.</i> In: <i>Frontiers in Microbiology.</i> Band 9, 2018, S. 3109, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.03109" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03109">doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03109</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30631315?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30631315</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6315138/">PMC 6315138</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Souichiro Kato, Kazuhito Hashimoto, Kazuya Watanabe: <cite style="font-style:italic">Methanogenesis facilitated by electric syntrophy via (semi)conductive iron-oxide minerals</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Environmental Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>14</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, Juli 2012, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221462-2920%22&key=cql">1462-2920</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1646–1654</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02611.x">10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02611.x</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22004041?dopt=Abstract">PMID 22004041</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Methanogenesis+facilitated+by+electric+syntrophy+via+%28semi%29conductive+iron-oxide+minerals&rft.au=Souichiro+Kato%2C+Kazuhito+Hashimoto%2C+Kazuya+Watanabe&rft.date=2012-07&rft.doi=10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2011.02611.x&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1462-2920&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology&rft.pages=1646-1654&rft.pmid=22004041&rft.volume=14" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kato-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kato_24-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kato_24-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Souichiro Kato, Kazuhito Hashimoto, Kazuya Watanabe: <cite style="font-style:italic">Microbial interspecies electron transfer via electric currents through conductive minerals</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>109</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>25</span>, 19. Juni 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10042–10046</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117592109">10.1073/pnas.1117592109</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22665802?dopt=Abstract">PMID 22665802</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3382511/">PMC 3382511</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Microbial+interspecies+electron+transfer+via+electric+currents+through+conductive+minerals&rft.au=Souichiro+Kato%2C+Kazuhito+Hashimoto%2C+Kazuya+Watanabe&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1117592109&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=25&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=10042-10046&rft.pmc=3382511&rft.pmid=22665802&rft.volume=109" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shanshan Chen, Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Pravin Malla Shrestha, Nikhil S. Malvankar, Fanghua Liu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Promoting interspecies electron transfer with biochar</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Scientific Reports</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 21. Mai 2014, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%222045-2322%22&key=cql">2045-2322</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5019</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05019">10.1038/srep05019</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24846283?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24846283</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028902/">PMC 4028902</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Promoting+interspecies+electron+transfer+with+biochar&rft.au=Shanshan+Chen%2C+Amelia-Elena+Rotaru%2C+Pravin+Malla+Shrestha%2C+...&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fsrep05019&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.pages=5019&rft.pmc=4028902&rft.pmid=24846283&rft.volume=4" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shanshan Chen, Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Fanghua Liu, Jo Philips, Trevor L. Woodard: <cite style="font-style:italic">Carbon cloth stimulates direct interspecies electron transfer in syntrophic co-cultures</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioresource Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>173</span>, Dezember 2014, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221873-2976%22&key=cql">1873-2976</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>82–86</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.009">10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.009</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25285763?dopt=Abstract">PMID 25285763</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Carbon+cloth+stimulates+direct+interspecies+electron+transfer+in+syntrophic+co-cultures&rft.au=Shanshan+Chen%2C+Amelia-Elena+Rotaru%2C+Fanghua+Liu%2C+...&rft.date=2014-12&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2014.09.009&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1873-2976&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.pages=82-86&rft.pmid=25285763&rft.volume=173" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Reguera2005-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reguera2005_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Gemma Reguera, Kevin D. McCarthy, Teena Mehta, Julie S. Nicoll, Mark T. Tuominen, Derek Lovley: <cite style="font-style:italic">Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nature</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>435</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7045</span>, 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1098–1101</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03661">10.1038/nature03661</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Extracellular+electron+transfer+via+microbial+nanowires&rft.au=Gemma+Reguera%2C+Kevin+D.+McCarthy%2C+Teena+Mehta%2C+...&rft.date=2005&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fnature03661&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7045&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=1098-1101&rft.volume=435" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ueki2018-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ueki2018_28-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ueki2018_28-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Toshiyuki Ueki, Kelly P. Nevin, Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Li-Ying Wang, Joy E. Ward, Trevor L. Woodard, Derek R. Lovley: <i> Strains Expressing Poorly Conductive Pili Reveal Constraints on Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer Mechanisms.</i> In: <i>ASM Journals</i>: <i>mBio.</i> Band 9, Nummer 4, 10. Juli 2018; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01273-18" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1128/mBio.01273-18">doi:10.1128/mBio.01273-18</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29991583?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29991583</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6050967/">PMC 6050967</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Malvankar2023-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Malvankar2023_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Nikhil S. Malvankar: <i>Behind the paper: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microbiologycommunity.nature.com/posts/an-ultra-stable-protein-nanowire-made-by-bacteria-provides-clues-to-combating-climate-change">An Ultra-Stable Protein Nanowire Made by Bacteria Provides Clues to Combating Climate Change</a></i>. Auf: <i><a href="Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> portfolio</i> - <i>Microbiology Community</i>, 2. Februar 2023.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gu2023-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gu2023_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Yangqi Gu, Matthew J. Guberman-Pfeffer, Vishok Srikanth, Cong Shen, Fabian Giska, Kallol Gupta, Yuri Londer, Fadel A. Samatey, Victor S. Batista, Nikhil S. Malvankar: <i>Structure of </i>Geobacter<i> cytochrome OmcZ identifies mechanism of nanowire assembly and conductivity</i>. In: <i><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> Microbiology</i>, Band 8, S. 284–298, 2. Februar 2023; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01315-5" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01315-5">doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01315-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368169031">ResearchGate</a> (Abbildungen). Siehe dazu:
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/978039">An ultra-stable protein nanowire made by bacteria provides clues to combating climate change</a>. Auf: EurekAlert! vom 2. Februar 2023.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID15388715-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID15388715_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. E. Holmes, K. P. Nevin, D. R. Lovley: <i>Comparison of 16S rRNA, nifD, recA, gyrB, rpoB and fusA genes within the family Geobacteraceae fam. nov.</i> In: <i>International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.</i> Band 54, Nummer 5, September 2004, S. 1591–1599, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02958-0" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02958-0">doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02958-0</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15388715?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15388715</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Family_2_Geobacteraceae,_10.1007/978-0-387-29298-4-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Family_2_Geobacteraceae,_10.1007/978-0-387-29298-4_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. M. Garrity, J. A. Bell & T. Lilburn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Family II. Geobacteraceae fam. nov.</cite> In: D.J. BRENNER, N.R. KRIEG, J.T. STALEY & G. M. GARRITY (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition,</cite>. Volume two: (The Proteobacteria), part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria). Springer-Verlag, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0-387-24145-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1017</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-29298-4">10.1007/978-0-387-29298-4</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Family+II.+Geobacteraceae+fam.+nov.&rft.au=G.+M.+Garrity%2C+J.+A.+Bell+%26+T.+Lilburn&rft.btitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematic+Bacteriology%2C+second+edition%2C&rft.date=2005&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-0-387-29298-4&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780387241456&rft.pages=1017&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.volume=Volume+two%3A+%28The+Proteobacteria%29%2C+part+C+%28The+Alpha-%2C+Beta-%2C+Delta-%2C+and+Epsilonproteobacteria%29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Liste_107,_doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64289-0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Liste_107,_doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64289-0_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="International_Union_of_Microbiological_Societies" title="International Union of Microbiological Societies">IUMS</a>: <i>Validation List No. 107: List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published.</i> In: <i>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY.</i> 56, 2006, S. 499, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64289-0" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64289-0">doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64289-0</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-classiphyla_LPSN_Abruf-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-classiphyla_LPSN_Abruf_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">LPSN in Zusammenarbeit mit der Ribocon GmbH: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bacterio.net/domain"><i>Classification of domains and phyla - Hierarchical classification of prokaryotes (bacteria), Version 2.1. Updated 19 July 2018.</i></a> In: <i>LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature.</i> J. P. Euzéby, Juli 2018,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen im Mai 2019</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGeobacter&rft.title=Classification+of+domains+and+phyla+-+Hierarchical+classification+of+prokaryotes+%28bacteria%29%2C+Version+2.1.+Updated+19+July+2018&rft.description=Classification+of+domains+and+phyla+-+Hierarchical+classification+of+prokaryotes+%28bacteria%29%2C+Version+2.1.+Updated+19+July+2018&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bacterio.net%2Fdomain&rft.creator=LPSN+in+Zusammenarbeit+mit+der+Ribocon+GmbH&rft.publisher=J.+P.+Euz%C3%A9by&rft.date=2018-07&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gattungen_und_Arten_LPSN_Abruf-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gattungen_und_Arten_LPSN_Abruf_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">LPSN in Zusammenarbeit mit der Ribocon GmbH: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bacterio.net/"><i>Abruf der Gattung mit ihren Arten.</i></a> In: <i>LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature.</i> J. P. Euzéby,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen im Mai 2019</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGeobacter&rft.title=Abruf+der+Gattung+mit+ihren+Arten&rft.description=Abruf+der+Gattung+mit+ihren+Arten&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bacterio.net%2F&rft.creator=LPSN+in+Zusammenarbeit+mit+der+Ribocon+GmbH&rft.publisher=J.+P.+Euz%C3%A9by&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Priscila A. Calderoli, Mónica M. Collavino, Filipe Behrends Kraemer, Héctor J. M. Morrás, O. Mario Aguilar: <cite style="font-style:italic">Analysis of nifH-RNA reveals phylotypes related to Geobacter and Cyanobacteria as important functional components of the N2 -fixing community depending on depth and agricultural use of soil</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">MicrobiologyOpen</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, Oktober 2017, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%222045-8827%22&key=cql">2045-8827</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.502">10.1002/mbo3.502</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28766873?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28766873</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5635172/">PMC 5635172</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+nifH-RNA+reveals+phylotypes+related+to+Geobacter+and+Cyanobacteria+as+important+functional+components+of+the+N2+-fixing+community+depending+on+depth+and+agricultural+use+of+soil&rft.au=Priscila+A.+Calderoli%2C+M%C3%B3nica+M.+Collavino%2C+Filipe+Behrends+Kraemer%2C+...&rft.date=2017-10&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fmbo3.502&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=2045-8827&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=MicrobiologyOpen&rft.pmc=5635172&rft.pmid=28766873&rft.volume=6" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clara Corbella, Miriam Guivernau, Marc Viñas, Jaume Puigagut: <cite style="font-style:italic">Operational, design and microbial aspects related to power production with microbial fuel cells implemented in constructed wetlands</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Water Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>84</span>, 1. November 2015, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221879-2448%22&key=cql">1879-2448</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>232–242</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.005">10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.005</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26253894?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26253894</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Operational%2C+design+and+microbial+aspects+related+to+power+production+with+microbial+fuel+cells+implemented+in+constructed+wetlands&rft.au=Clara+Corbella%2C+Miriam+Guivernau%2C+Marc+Vi%C3%B1as%2C+...&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.watres.2015.06.005&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1879-2448&rft.jtitle=Water+Research&rft.pages=232-242&rft.pmid=26253894&rft.volume=84" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhou Fang, Hai-Liang Song, Ning Cang, Xian-Ning Li: <cite style="font-style:italic">Performance of microbial fuel cell coupled constructed wetland system for decolorization of azo dye and bioelectricity generation</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioresource Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>144</span>, September 2013, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221873-2976%22&key=cql">1873-2976</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>165–171</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.073">10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.073</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23867535?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23867535</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Performance+of+microbial+fuel+cell+coupled+constructed+wetland+system+for+decolorization+of+azo+dye+and+bioelectricity+generation&rft.au=Zhou+Fang%2C+Hai-Liang+Song%2C+Ning+Cang%2C+...&rft.date=2013-09&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2013.06.073&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1873-2976&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.pages=165-171&rft.pmid=23867535&rft.volume=144" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland D. Cusick, Patrick D. Kiely, Bruce E. Logan: <cite style="font-style:italic">A monetary comparison of energy recovered from microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells fed winery or domestic wastewaters</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>35</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, September 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8855–8861</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.06.077">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.06.077</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=A+monetary+comparison+of+energy+recovered+from+microbial+fuel+cells+and+microbial+electrolysis+cells+fed+winery+or+domestic+wastewaters&rft.au=Roland+D.+Cusick%2C+Patrick+D.+Kiely%2C+Bruce+E.+Logan&rft.date=2010-09&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijhydene.2010.06.077&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hydrogen+Energy&rft.pages=8855-8861&rft.volume=35" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clara Corbella, Rebecca P. Steidl, Jaume Puigagut, Gemma Reguera: <cite style="font-style:italic">Electrochemical characterization of Geobacter lovleyi identifies limitations of microbial fuel cell performance in constructed wetlands</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Microbiology: The Official Journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Juni 2017, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221139-6709%22&key=cql">1139-6709</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>55–64</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2436/20.1501.01.285">10.2436/20.1501.01.285</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28617523?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28617523</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Electrochemical+characterization+of+Geobacter+lovleyi+identifies+limitations+of+microbial+fuel+cell+performance+in+constructed+wetlands&rft.au=Clara+Corbella%2C+Rebecca+P.+Steidl%2C+Jaume+Puigagut%2C+...&rft.date=2017-06&rft.doi=10.2436%2F20.1501.01.285&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1139-6709&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=International+Microbiology%3A+The+Official+Journal+of+the+Spanish+Society+for+Microbiology&rft.pages=55-64&rft.pmid=28617523&rft.volume=20" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Junfeng Chen, Yongyou Hu, Wantang Huang, Yanyan Liu, Meizhen Tang: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biodegradation of oxytetracycline and electricity generation in microbial fuel cell with in situ dual graphene modified bioelectrode</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioresource Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>270</span>, Dezember 2018, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221873-2976%22&key=cql">1873-2976</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>482–488</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.060">10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.060</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30245318?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30245318</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Biodegradation+of+oxytetracycline+and+electricity+generation+in+microbial+fuel+cell+with+in+situ+dual+graphene+modified+bioelectrode&rft.au=Junfeng+Chen%2C+Yongyou+Hu%2C+Wantang+Huang%2C+...&rft.date=2018-12&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2018.09.060&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1873-2976&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.pages=482-488&rft.pmid=30245318&rft.volume=270" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Reguera2015-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reguera2015_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Gemma Reguera: <cite style="font-style:italic">Microbes, cables, and an electrical touch</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Microbiology: The Official Journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, September 2015, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221139-6709%22&key=cql">1139-6709</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>151–157</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2436/20.1501.01.245">10.2436/20.1501.01.245</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27036742?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27036742</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Microbes%2C+cables%2C+and+an+electrical+touch&rft.au=Gemma+Reguera&rft.date=2015-09&rft.doi=10.2436%2F20.1501.01.245&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1139-6709&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=International+Microbiology%3A+The+Official+Journal+of+the+Spanish+Society+for+Microbiology&rft.pages=151-157&rft.pmid=27036742&rft.volume=18" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cologgi2011-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cologgi2011_44-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cologgi2011_44-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Dena L. Cologgi, Sanela Lampa-Pastirk, Allison M. Speers, Shelly D. Kelly, Gemma Reguera: <cite style="font-style:italic">Extracellular reduction of uranium via Geobacter conductive pili as a protective cellular mechanism</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>108</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37</span>, 13. September 2011, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221091-6490%22&key=cql">1091-6490</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15248–15252</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1108616108">10.1073/pnas.1108616108</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896750?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21896750</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174638/">PMC 3174638</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Extracellular+reduction+of+uranium+via+Geobacter+conductive+pili+as+a+protective+cellular+mechanism&rft.au=Dena+L.+Cologgi%2C+Sanela+Lampa-Pastirk%2C+Allison+M.+Speers%2C+...&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1108616108&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft.issue=37&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=15248-15252&rft.pmc=3174638&rft.pmid=21896750&rft.volume=108" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Reguera2012-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reguera2012_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Gemma Reguera: <cite style="font-style:italic">Electron transfer at the cell-uranium interface in Geobacter spp</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biochemical Society Transactions</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>40</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, 1. Dezember 2012, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221470-8752%22&key=cql">1470-8752</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1227–1232</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20120162">10.1042/BST20120162</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23176459?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23176459</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Electron+transfer+at+the+cell-uranium+interface+in+Geobacter+spp&rft.au=Gemma+Reguera&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft.doi=10.1042%2FBST20120162&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1470-8752&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Society+Transactions&rft.pages=1227-1232&rft.pmid=23176459&rft.volume=40" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haifeng Zhuang, Hao Zhu, Shengdao Shan, Liting Zhang, Chengran Fang: <cite style="font-style:italic">Potential enhancement of direct interspecies electron transfer for anaerobic degradation of coal gasification wastewater using up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) with nitrogen doped sewage sludge carbon assisted</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioresource Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>270</span>, Dezember 2018, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221873-2976%22&key=cql">1873-2976</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>230–235</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.012">10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.012</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30219574?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30219574</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Potential+enhancement+of+direct+interspecies+electron+transfer+for+anaerobic+degradation+of+coal+gasification+wastewater+using+up-flow+anaerobic+sludge+blanket+%28UASB%29+with+nitrogen+doped+sewage+sludge+carbon+assisted&rft.au=Haifeng+Zhuang%2C+Hao+Zhu%2C+Shengdao+Shan%2C+...&rft.date=2018-12&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2018.09.012&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1873-2976&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.pages=230-235&rft.pmid=30219574&rft.volume=270" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiajia Li, Leilei Xiao, Shiling Zheng, Yuechao Zhang, Min Luo: <cite style="font-style:italic">A new insight into the strategy for methane production affected by conductive carbon cloth in wetland soil: Beneficial to acetoclastic methanogenesis instead of CO2 reduction</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Science of the Total Environment</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>643</span>, 1. Dezember 2018, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221879-1026%22&key=cql">1879-1026</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1024–1030</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.271">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.271</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30189519?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30189519</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=A+new+insight+into+the+strategy+for+methane+production+affected+by+conductive+carbon+cloth+in+wetland+soil%3A+Beneficial+to+acetoclastic+methanogenesis+instead+of+CO2+reduction&rft.au=Jiajia+Li%2C+Leilei+Xiao%2C+Shiling+Zheng%2C+...&rft.date=2018-12-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.06.271&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1879-1026&rft.jtitle=The+Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.pages=1024-1030&rft.pmid=30189519&rft.volume=643" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiomar Gómez, William Meredith, Camino Fernández, Mario Sánchez-García, Rebeca Díez-Antolínez: <cite style="font-style:italic">Evaluating the effect of biochar addition on the anaerobic digestion of swine manure: application of Py-GC/MS</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Environmental Science and Pollution Research International</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>25</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>25</span>, September 2018, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221614-7499%22&key=cql">1614-7499</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>25600–25611</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2644-4">10.1007/s11356-018-2644-4</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29959741?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29959741</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+effect+of+biochar+addition+on+the+anaerobic+digestion+of+swine+manure%3A+application+of+Py-GC%2FMS&rft.au=Xiomar+G%C3%B3mez%2C+William+Meredith%2C+Camino+Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+...&rft.date=2018-09&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs11356-018-2644-4&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1614-7499&rft.issue=25&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research+International&rft.pages=25600-25611&rft.pmid=29959741&rft.volume=25" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhongzhong Wang, Qidong Yin, Mengqi Gu, Kai He, Guangxue Wu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Enhanced azo dye Reactive Red 2 degradation in anaerobic reactors by dosing conductive material of ferroferric oxide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Hazardous Materials</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>357</span>, 5. September 2018, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221873-3336%22&key=cql">1873-3336</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>226–234</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.005">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.005</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29890419?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29890419</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Enhanced+azo+dye+Reactive+Red+2+degradation+in+anaerobic+reactors+by+dosing+conductive+material+of+ferroferric+oxide&rft.au=Zhongzhong+Wang%2C+Qidong+Yin%2C+Mengqi+Gu%2C+...&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2018.06.005&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1873-3336&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&rft.pages=226-234&rft.pmid=29890419&rft.volume=357" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dexin Wang, Yuxing Han, Hongjun Han, Kun Li, Chunyan Xu: <cite style="font-style:italic">New insights into enhanced anaerobic degradation of Fischer-Tropsch wastewater with the assistance of magnetite</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioresource Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>257</span>, Juni 2018, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221873-2976%22&key=cql">1873-2976</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>147–156</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.084">10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.084</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29499496?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29499496</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=New+insights+into+enhanced+anaerobic+degradation+of+Fischer-Tropsch+wastewater+with+the+assistance+of+magnetite&rft.au=Dexin+Wang%2C+Yuxing+Han%2C+Hongjun+Han%2C+...&rft.date=2018-06&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2018.02.084&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1873-2976&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.pages=147-156&rft.pmid=29499496&rft.volume=257" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carolina Cruz Viggi, Serena Simonetti, Enza Palma, Pamela Pagliaccia, Camilla Braguglia: <cite style="font-style:italic">Enhancing methane production from food waste fermentate using biochar: the added value of electrochemical testing in pre-selecting the most effective type of biochar</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biotechnology for Biofuels</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 2017, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221754-6834%22&key=cql">1754-6834</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>303</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0994-7">10.1186/s13068-017-0994-7</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29255486?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29255486</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5729428/">PMC 5729428</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Enhancing+methane+production+from+food+waste+fermentate+using+biochar%3A+the+added+value+of+electrochemical+testing+in+pre-selecting+the+most+effective+type+of+biochar&rft.au=Carolina+Cruz+Viggi%2C+Serena+Simonetti%2C+Enza+Palma%2C+...&rft.date=2017&rft.doi=10.1186%2Fs13068-017-0994-7&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1754-6834&rft.jtitle=Biotechnology+for+Biofuels&rft.pages=303&rft.pmc=5729428&rft.pmid=29255486&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zisheng Zhao, Yang Li, Qilin Yu, Yaobin Zhang: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ferroferric oxide triggered possible direct interspecies electron transfer between Syntrophomonas and Methanosaeta to enhance waste activated sludge anaerobic digestion</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioresource Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>250</span>, Februar 2018, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221873-2976%22&key=cql">1873-2976</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>79–85</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.003">10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.003</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29153653?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29153653</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Ferroferric+oxide+triggered+possible+direct+interspecies+electron+transfer+between+Syntrophomonas+and+Methanosaeta+to+enhance+waste+activated+sludge+anaerobic+digestion&rft.au=Zisheng+Zhao%2C+Yang+Li%2C+Qilin+Yu%2C+...&rft.date=2018-02&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2017.11.003&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1873-2976&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.pages=79-85&rft.pmid=29153653&rft.volume=250" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria José Cuetos, E. Judith Martinez, Rubén Moreno, Rubén Gonzalez, Marta Otero: <cite style="font-style:italic">Enhancing anaerobic digestion of poultry blood using activated carbon</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Advanced Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, Mai 2017, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%222090-1232%22&key=cql">2090-1232</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>297–307</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2016.12.004">10.1016/j.jare.2016.12.004</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28462003?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28462003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403941/">PMC 5403941</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Enhancing+anaerobic+digestion+of+poultry+blood+using+activated+carbon&rft.au=Maria+Jos%C3%A9+Cuetos%2C+E.+Judith+Martinez%2C+Rub%C3%A9n+Moreno%2C+...&rft.date=2017-05&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jare.2016.12.004&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=2090-1232&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Advanced+Research&rft.pages=297-307&rft.pmc=5403941&rft.pmid=28462003&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yue Li, Yaobin Zhang, Yafei Yang, Xie Quan, Zhiqiang Zhao: <cite style="font-style:italic">Potentially direct interspecies electron transfer of methanogenesis for syntrophic metabolism under sulfate reducing conditions with stainless steel</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioresource Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>234</span>, Juni 2017, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221873-2976%22&key=cql">1873-2976</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>303–309</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.054">10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.054</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28340434?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28340434</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Potentially+direct+interspecies+electron+transfer+of+methanogenesis+for+syntrophic+metabolism+under+sulfate+reducing+conditions+with+stainless+steel&rft.au=Yue+Li%2C+Yaobin+Zhang%2C+Yafei+Yang%2C+...&rft.date=2017-06&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2017.03.054&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1873-2976&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.pages=303-309&rft.pmid=28340434&rft.volume=234" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Qidong Yin, Kai He, Aike Liu, Guangxue Wu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Enhanced system performance by dosing ferroferric oxide during the anaerobic treatment of tryptone-based high-strength wastewater</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>101</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, Mai 2017, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221432-0614%22&key=cql">1432-0614</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3929–3939</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8194-8">10.1007/s00253-017-8194-8</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235990?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28235990</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Enhanced+system+performance+by+dosing+ferroferric+oxide+during+the+anaerobic+treatment+of+tryptone-based+high-strength+wastewater&rft.au=Qidong+Yin%2C+Kai+He%2C+Aike+Liu%2C+...&rft.date=2017-05&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs00253-017-8194-8&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1432-0614&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.pages=3929-3939&rft.pmid=28235990&rft.volume=101" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yan Dang, Dawn E. Holmes, Zhiqiang Zhao, Trevor L. Woodard, Yaobin Zhang: <cite style="font-style:italic">Enhancing anaerobic digestion of complex organic waste with carbon-based conductive materials</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioresource Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>220</span>, November 2016, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221873-2976%22&key=cql">1873-2976</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>516–522</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.114">10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.114</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27611035?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27611035</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Enhancing+anaerobic+digestion+of+complex+organic+waste+with+carbon-based+conductive+materials&rft.au=Yan+Dang%2C+Dawn+E.+Holmes%2C+Zhiqiang+Zhao%2C+...&rft.date=2016-11&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2016.08.114&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1873-2976&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.pages=516-522&rft.pmid=27611035&rft.volume=220" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jianchao Zhang, Yahai Lu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Conductive Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Accelerate Syntrophic Methane Production from Butyrate Oxidation in Two Different Lake Sediments</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Frontiers in Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, 2016, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221664-302X%22&key=cql">1664-302X</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1316</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01316">10.3389/fmicb.2016.01316</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27597850?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27597850</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4992681/">PMC 4992681</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Conductive+Fe3O4+Nanoparticles+Accelerate+Syntrophic+Methane+Production+from+Butyrate+Oxidation+in+Two+Different+Lake+Sediments&rft.au=Jianchao+Zhang%2C+Yahai+Lu&rft.date=2016&rft.doi=10.3389%2Ffmicb.2016.01316&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1664-302X&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.pages=1316&rft.pmc=4992681&rft.pmid=27597850&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:62-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:62_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilberto Martins, Andreia F. Salvador, Luciana Pereira, M. Madalena Alves: <cite style="font-style:italic">Methane Production and Conductive Materials: A Critical Review</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Environmental Science & Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>52</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>, 18. September 2018, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220013-936X%22&key=cql">0013-936X</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10241–10253</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01913">10.1021/acs.est.8b01913</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Geobacter&rft.atitle=Methane+Production+and+Conductive+Materials%3A+A+Critical+Review&rft.au=Gilberto+Martins%2C+Andreia+F.+Salvador%2C+Luciana+Pereira%2C+...&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.est.8b01913&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0013-936X&rft.issue=18&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.pages=10241-10253&rft.volume=52" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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